But this analysis overlooks the fundamental reasons why the US has struggled to compete with China in Southeast Asia despite strategic initiatives like the Obama administration’s pivot to Asia and the Free and Open Indo-Pacific strategy sustained across administrations.
The mainstay of these strategies has been to revitalise bilateral security alliances, engage with regional countries and their multilateral institutions to address global challenges like climate change and the pandemic, or promote liberal principles like freedom of navigation, human rights and democracy.
As a result, US engagement in the region has been more demonstrable to long-term security allies like the Philippines or economically developed states such as Singapore, but limited with regard to less developed non-allies like Cambodia.
Even as the United States remains the largest investor in Southeast Asia, the bulk of this investment has flowed to Singapore. And while American tech giants such as Microsoft, Google and Oracle are establishing data centres and cloud services in Malaysia and Thailand, US investment in core infrastructure such as transport and telecommunications has been limited.