Under Singapore’s new taxation rate for carbon emissions, which took effect on January 1, businesses that emit more than 25,000 metric tons of carbon annually pay US$25 per ton until 2025, compared with US$5 per ton in 2019-2023.
The rate will subsequently go up to US$45 per ton in 2026-2027 and US$50-80 per ton by 2030, the government announced in 2022.
Major companies in the refining and downstream sectors have been given rebates on a transitional basis to soften the added tax burden, lowering the final costs to between US$6 and US$10 per ton of emissions, three of the sources said.
These refineries and downstream businesses will still have to pay an outright US$25 per ton of carbon emission tax and subsequently apply for the rebates, according to the terms and conditions set out by the government, a fifth source said.
Singapore has three refineries of a combined capacity of 1.119 million barrels per day, currently operated by Shell, ExxonMobil Corp, and Singapore Refinery Co (SRC), a joint venture between Chevron and Singapore Petroleum Co, wholly owned by PetroChina.
While the disruption of Russian oil trade post-Ukraine war and post-Covid demand boosted refining margins between 2020 and 2022, these profits have halved from peak levels reached in February.
Shell declined to comment, while an ExxonMobil spokesperson said: “As a matter of practice, we do not discuss confidential matters.”
“The Singapore Refining Company remains committed to support the Singapore government’s policies through close partnership and continued dialogue,” an SRC spokesperson said.
The concessions are likely to be in place at least for 2024 and 2025, one of the sources said, adding that the “discounted” rate will be back on the table for discussion in 2026 or after.
Singapore introduced a transition framework last year to support companies in Emissions-intensive trade-exposed (EITE) sectors such as chemicals, electronics and biomedical manufacturing in their energy transition.
“The allowances will only be provided for a proportion of the companies’ emissions, and are based on internationally recognised efficiency benchmarks where available, or the ambition and robustness of companies’ decarbonisation plans,” a spokesperson at Ministry of Trade & Industry told Reuters in an email.
“Their remaining emissions will continue to be subject to the prevailing headline carbon tax rates.”
The duration of this transition framework will depend on the development of carbon prices internationally and the progress of decarbonisation technologies, he said, adding that companies will be given sufficient notice in advance of changes to facilitate business planning.
In general, the carbon tax would have to be paid in the year following the reporting year “because of the time needed to compile the emissions data and independently verify the total emissions of the reporting year”, a spokesperson from the city state’s National Environmental Agency (NEA) said earlier.
Companies currently have the option to also offset up to 5 per cent of their taxable emissions using international carbon credit – either bought or accumulated elsewhere in the world, according to the NEA.
This hefty increase in carbon taxes has been a hot topic in Singapore’s refining sector, following the sale of Shell’s flagship Bukom and Jurong Island refinery and petrochemical facilities amid stiff competition.