This portfolio approach is also supported by research from the Cooling Singapore Initiative, led by SMU, NUS, NTU, ETH and other universities. In a recent paper, we argued for heat-smart strategies in hot and humid cities; not single solutions, but measures that address hazard, exposure and vulnerability together.
The UN Environment Programme found that global cooling demand could more than triple by 2050 under business as usual, pushing cooling emissions to 7.2 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide-equivalent a year.
A sustainable cooling pathway combining local heat assessments, heat action plans, passive cooling, efficient technologies and cleaner power could cut projected 2050 cooling emissions by 64 per cent, and by 97 per cent with rapid power-sector decarbonisation.
PRACTICAL HEAT MANAGEMENT LESSONS
What practical lessons can European cities draw from Singapore?
First, plan with communities, not merely for them. Heat action plans that exclude residents, workers, schools, care providers and local businesses will miss where risk actually falls.
Second, target mechanical cooling where risk is highest. Hospitals, care homes, schools, social housing, public transport and cooling shelters need safe indoor temperature standards.
Third, retrofit buildings before air-conditioning demand locks in and strains power grids. External shading, shutters, reflective roofs and cool walls, ceiling fans, cross-ventilation and night cooling can reduce indoor heat and electricity demand.